Infectious posterior uveitis

Infectious posterior uveitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the posterior segment of the eye — specifically the choroid and retina — caused by an identifiable infectious agent. Unlike non-infectious (autoimmune) forms of uveitis, this condition results from direct invasion or immune response to pathogens including Toxoplasma gondii (the most common cause worldwide), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), and various fungi. The condition may present as focal or multifocal chorioretinitis, retinitis, retinochoroiditis, or neuroretinitis depending on the causative organism. Patients typically experience blurred vision, floaters, photophobia, and in some cases significant visual loss. The inflammation can lead to complications such as vitreous opacities, retinal detachment, macular edema, optic nerve involvement, and permanent visual impairment if not promptly treated. Immunocompromised individuals — including those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, or patients on immunosuppressive therapy — are at particularly high risk for severe or atypical presentations. Treatment is directed at the underlying infectious cause and typically involves targeted antimicrobial therapy. For toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, combinations of pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and corticosteroids are commonly used. Viral causes are treated with antiviral agents such as ganciclovir, valganciclovir, or acyclovir. Antitubercular therapy or antibiotics are employed for bacterial etiologies. Adjunctive corticosteroids may be used cautiously to control inflammation, but only in conjunction with appropriate antimicrobial coverage to avoid worsening the infection. Early diagnosis through clinical examination, serologic testing, aqueous or vitreous sampling with PCR, and imaging is essential for optimal outcomes.

Data sourced from FDA regulatory filings and ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated periodically.

Common questions about Infectious posterior uveitis