Infectious disease with peripheral neuropathy

Infectious disease with peripheral neuropathy is a grouping classification used by Orphanet (ORPHA:206613) to categorize conditions in which peripheral neuropathy occurs as a consequence of an infectious agent. Peripheral neuropathy refers to damage or dysfunction of the peripheral nerves — the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord — leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, and pain, typically in the hands and feet. Several well-known infectious diseases can cause peripheral neuropathy, including leprosy (caused by Mycobacterium leprae), HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), hepatitis C, diphtheria, and certain viral infections such as varicella-zoster (shingles). The mechanisms by which infections damage peripheral nerves vary and may include direct nerve invasion by the pathogen, immune-mediated nerve damage, or toxin-related injury. The body systems primarily affected include the peripheral nervous system, but depending on the underlying infectious agent, other organ systems such as the skin, liver, musculoskeletal system, and immune system may also be involved. Key clinical features of the peripheral neuropathy component include sensory disturbances (numbness, paresthesias, neuropathic pain), motor weakness, and in some cases autonomic dysfunction (such as abnormal sweating, blood pressure changes, or gastrointestinal symptoms). The severity and pattern of neuropathy depend on the specific infectious etiology. Treatment is directed at the underlying infectious cause and may include antibiotics, antivirals, or antiretroviral therapy, depending on the pathogen involved. Symptomatic management of neuropathic pain with medications such as gabapentin, pregabalin, or tricyclic antidepressants may also be employed. Physical therapy and rehabilitation can help manage motor deficits. Early identification and treatment of the causative infection is critical to preventing irreversible nerve damage.

Data sourced from FDA regulatory filings and ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated periodically.

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