Alopecia

Alopecia, as referenced by Orphanet code 79364, refers to a group of rare forms of hair loss that can affect the scalp and other hair-bearing areas of the body. The term encompasses several distinct clinical entities, but in the context of rare disease classification, it typically refers to forms of alopecia that have a genetic or autoimmune basis beyond common androgenetic hair loss. Alopecia can range from patchy hair loss (alopecia areata) to complete loss of scalp hair (alopecia totalis) or total body hair loss (alopecia universalis). The condition primarily affects the integumentary system (skin and hair follicles) and can have significant psychological and social impact on affected individuals. The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the specific subtype but may involve autoimmune destruction of hair follicles, genetic mutations affecting hair follicle development or cycling, or inflammatory processes. Key symptoms include progressive or sudden hair loss on the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, and body hair. Some forms may be associated with nail changes such as pitting or ridging. In autoimmune forms, the hair follicles are attacked by the immune system, leading to non-scarring hair loss that may be reversible in some cases. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity. For autoimmune-mediated alopecia, therapies include topical and intralesional corticosteroids, topical immunotherapy (such as diphenylcyclopropenone), and immunosuppressive agents. More recently, JAK inhibitors (such as baricitinib and ritlecitinib) have been approved for severe alopecia areata, representing a significant advance in treatment. For genetic forms, treatment options remain limited and largely supportive, including wigs, cosmetic solutions, and psychological support. Prognosis varies widely depending on the subtype, extent of hair loss, and age of onset.

Data sourced from FDA regulatory filings and ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated periodically.

Common questions about Alopecia