Cholera

Cholera is an acute infectious diarrheal disease caused by ingestion of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, specifically serogroups O1 and O139. It is not a genetic disorder but rather an infectious disease classified under rare diseases in certain epidemiological contexts. Cholera primarily affects the gastrointestinal system. The bacterium produces cholera toxin, which acts on the epithelial cells lining the small intestine, causing massive secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. This leads to the hallmark symptom of profuse, watery diarrhea often described as 'rice-water stools,' which can result in rapid and severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and hypovolemic shock if untreated. The disease can range from asymptomatic or mild infection to severe, life-threatening illness. Key symptoms include sudden onset of voluminous watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid dehydration, muscle cramps due to electrolyte loss, and in severe cases, circulatory collapse and death within hours. Cholera disproportionately affects regions with inadequate water sanitation and hygiene infrastructure. The age of onset is variable, though children and malnourished individuals are particularly vulnerable to severe outcomes. Treatment centers on aggressive rehydration therapy, which is the cornerstone of management. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is effective for mild to moderate cases, while severe cases require intravenous fluid replacement. Antibiotic therapy with agents such as doxycycline, azithromycin, or ciprofloxacin can shorten the duration and severity of illness. Zinc supplementation is recommended in children. Preventive measures include oral cholera vaccines (such as Dukoral and Shanchol), improved water and sanitation systems, and public health surveillance. With prompt and appropriate rehydration, the case fatality rate can be reduced from over 50% to less than 1%.

Data sourced from FDA regulatory filings and ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated periodically.

Common questions about Cholera