Tetanus

Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is an acute and potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by the neurotoxin tetanospasmin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. It is not a genetic disorder but rather an acquired condition that occurs when bacterial spores enter the body through wounds, cuts, or other breaks in the skin. The toxin affects the nervous system by blocking inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, leading to unopposed muscle contraction and spasm. Tetanus primarily affects the neuromuscular system and can involve the entire body. The disease is characterized by painful muscle stiffness and spasms, typically beginning with the jaw muscles (trismus or lockjaw) and neck, then progressing to involve the trunk and extremities. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, can cause opisthotonus (severe arching of the back), difficulty swallowing, breathing difficulties, autonomic dysfunction (fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate), and potentially fatal respiratory failure. Neonatal tetanus (ICD-10: A33) occurs in newborns, usually through infection of the umbilical stump, and is a major cause of neonatal mortality in developing countries. Obstetrical tetanus (ICD-10: A34) occurs during or after pregnancy. Tetanus is entirely preventable through vaccination with tetanus toxoid-containing vaccines. Treatment includes wound care, administration of human tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) to neutralize unbound toxin, antibiotics (typically metronidazole), muscle relaxants such as benzodiazepines, and supportive care in an intensive care setting. Mechanical ventilation may be required in severe cases. Despite advances in critical care, the case fatality rate remains significant, particularly in neonatal tetanus and in regions with limited access to healthcare. The disease does not confer natural immunity, so vaccination after recovery is essential.

Data sourced from FDA regulatory filings and ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated periodically.

Common questions about Tetanus