Human infection by orthopoxvirus

Human infection by orthopoxvirus refers to diseases caused by viruses in the orthopoxvirus family. This group includes several well-known infections: smallpox (caused by variola virus), monkeypox (now called mpox, caused by monkeypox virus), cowpox, and vaccinia virus infections. Smallpox was one of the deadliest diseases in human history but was officially eradicated in 1980 through a global vaccination campaign. However, other orthopoxvirus infections still occur and are considered rare diseases. These viruses typically affect the skin and cause a characteristic rash that progresses through stages — starting as flat spots, then raised bumps, fluid-filled blisters, and finally scabs that fall off. Patients often experience fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, and extreme tiredness before the rash appears. The severity varies widely depending on which specific virus is involved, with smallpox being the most dangerous and cowpox generally being milder. Treatment is mainly supportive, meaning doctors focus on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Antiviral medications such as tecovirimat (TPOXX) have been approved for use in certain orthopoxvirus infections. Vaccination with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA, marketed as Jynneos) can help prevent infection or reduce severity if given shortly after exposure. People with weakened immune systems, young children, and pregnant women are at higher risk for severe disease.

Data sourced from FDA regulatory filings and ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated periodically.

Bring these to your next appointment

• Q1.Which specific orthopoxvirus is causing my infection, and how severe is this type?,Am I a candidate for antiviral treatment such as tecovirimat (TPOXX)?,How long will I need to isolate, and when am I no longer contagious?,Should my close contacts receive the Jynneos vaccine as post-exposure prevention?,What signs of complications should I watch for at home?,Will I have lasting immunity after this infection, or could I get it again?,What can I do to minimize scarring from the skin lesions?

Common questions about Human infection by orthopoxvirus