Hereditary gingival fibromatosis

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF), also known as hereditary gingival hyperplasia or idiopathic gingival fibromatosis, is a rare genetic condition characterized by a slow, progressive, benign overgrowth of the gingiva (gum tissue). The enlarged gingival tissue is typically firm, non-hemorrhagic, and pink in color, with a normal appearance aside from its increased size. The fibromatosis can be localized or generalized, affecting the gums of both the upper and lower jaws. In severe cases, the overgrown tissue can partially or completely cover the teeth, leading to difficulties with speech, lip closure, chewing, and aesthetic concerns. The condition may also delay tooth eruption in children or cause displacement of teeth, contributing to malocclusion. The gingival overgrowth usually becomes apparent during childhood, often coinciding with the eruption of the permanent teeth, though it can occasionally present with the eruption of the primary (deciduous) teeth. HGF can occur as an isolated condition or as part of a syndrome associated with other features such as hypertrichosis, intellectual disability, epilepsy, or hearing loss. The most well-characterized genetic cause of isolated HGF involves mutations in the SOS1 gene (HGF type 1, mapped to chromosome 2p21), though genetic heterogeneity exists with other loci implicated. There is currently no cure for hereditary gingival fibromatosis. The primary treatment is surgical excision of the excess gingival tissue through a procedure called gingivectomy. However, recurrence of the overgrowth after surgery is common, and repeated surgical interventions may be necessary throughout the patient's life. Good oral hygiene is essential to minimize secondary inflammation. Regular dental and periodontal follow-up is recommended to monitor for recurrence and to manage any associated dental complications.

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